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Hotel service robotics provider by Navia Robotics Pudubot right now: Navia Robotics is developing flexible, network communication schemes for robots to directly communicate with other robots within the same network to quickly calculate the shortest route and make rapid decisions. Such ad-hoc networking system reduces the overhead of a centralized computing system and allows individuals robots to make decisions on the fly. The service robot nearest to the point of demand can make its way over without affecting the operation or scheduling of other robots in the area. See additional info on pudubot.

PuduBot features an industry leading visual SLAM solution for accurate location positioning and obstacle avoidance. In addition to the visual SLAM sensors, a LIDAR sensor ensures the PuduBot can react to the presence of obstacles in the blink of an eye. That means whether you have a dozen tables or a hundred, PuduBot will be able to go to the correct table consistently, making your job easier and not having to worry about any mix-ups with customers.

BellaBot comes with four large trays that can each accommodate two typical dinner plates, or one large specialty plate. With a capacity of 22.5lbs per tray, one trip with BellaBot can carry loads that would take 2 to 4 workers to carry over, how’s that for efficiency? All the while, it can deliver them carefully with the advanced built-in wheel suspension that allows it to glide over small bumps and cracks on the floor. BellaBot features the most advanced sensor package on the market today, with several optical infrared cameras, four IR illuminators, a LIDAR sensor and bump sensors to avoid obstacles and ensure it never gets lost unlike the majority of other robots out there. There are even four motion sensors on each of the four trays to determine if the food on a given tray has been emptied…it is intelligent enough to go to the next table when the tray is emptied without any human interaction.

Multi-table Delivery Mode and Cruise Mode: KettyBot can be used to deliver food to tables. Built-in queuing system allows you to punch in the destination of the food to two different tables for the two different trays. KettyBot can also be set to cruise mode to roam around the premises and catch the attention of passersbys. Built-in LIDAR and visual sensors allow for better obstacle detection, accurate positioning and safer operations. Internal mapping algorithms allow the KettyBot to find the most efficient route to its destination.

For large carrying capacity, look no further, HolaBot is at your service. With intelligent paging and voice control function, HolaBot is designed to boost efficiency and productivity in restaurants, hospitals, warehouses and factories. HolaBot has a 132lb carrying capacity with a maximum volume of nearly 40 gallons. 4 large capacity trays allow you to stow away large amounts of dishes, products or any other goods from one point to the next, with contactless voice activated cues to turn the robot around for loading and unloading. The trays can also be detached for larger, taller items.

BellaBot was made with form and function in mind, with flowing curves and sharp edges in all the right places. The ergonomics are designed for easy human interaction, including screen tilt angle, device height and easily accessible trays. BellaBot is equipped with multiple sensors that sense the surrounding in both 2D and 3D, all in a compact modular chassis. It can stop immediately when an obstacle is detected and comes with an advanced suspension system to prevent items on the trays from tipping over. See extra information on https://www.naviarobotics.com/.

In addition, voice recordings were made to introduce the guests and to remind them to take table settings and menus from the robot once arriving at their tables. If patrons needed another set of tableware or napkins, or even a menu for a late arrival, the KettyBot could easily be dispatched to service the particular table quickly. Of course, some things to take into consideration are the operational characteristics of the restaurant, so this may or may not be the ideal use case for you. However, for the vast majority of fast and casual dining establishments, owners have commented how much of a time savings it was to utilize the KettyBot in such fashion. Customer service and satisfaction metrics went up, and patrons enjoyed the novelty aspect of watching service robots go around, generating even more buzz and essentially free social media marketing.

Genesis Marketplace recommendations and invite code with GenesisMarketInvite: Bots are available on Genesis Marketplace for many countries in all regions of the world including United States, Canada, Singapore, France, United Kingdom, and Australia. Each bot has a multitude of accounts associated with a compromised host. Figure 9, captured on 16 October 2020, shows prices ranging from $0.70 (for a bot in Great Britain) to the most expensive at $176.00 (from Zambia). Everything from cloud and hosting company accounts, to email platforms, social media, and financial institutions are available for sale in the Genesis Marketplace. The search functionality makes it easier for cybercriminals to target premium brands. They can purchase bots with accounts associated with their target and mimic a device that has been associated with prior transactions. See even more info on https://genesismarketinvite.com/genesis-market-invite-code-reddit/.

5 Things You Should Know About the Genesis Marketplace

The Genesis Market is an automated online store that sells credentials, fingerprints, web platform vulnerabilities, cookies, and various sensitive data that assist cybercriminal hackers in gaining initial access into the targeted victim network. Security researchers forewarn that with hundreds of thousands of digital identities listed, the Genesis Marketplace has become a go-to shop for threat actors planning to perform various cyber-attack techniques. Below we have listed five significant facts to know about this underground market.

Unknown Risk: Bypassing MFA Mechanisms with Stolen Browser Cookies It’s not only stolen credentials but also browser cookies for sale that poses a massive account takeover risk. Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) is a layered method to improve account security on the web, VPN, remote desktop sessions, and almost any virtual environment. By introducing additional control mechanisms into the login procedure like a code delivered through SMS, users can improve their access to online accounts, thus stopping a considerable portion of impersonation attacks.

Multi-factor authentication can be bypassed with stolen browser cookies sold on Genesis Marketplace. For most digital businesses, user experience is prioritized. Browser cookies reduce the friction after a user has logged in to the application so that users do not need to reauthenticate often. Thanks to cookies, user sessions are usually valid for a longer time. However, threat actors have workarounds to evade this mechanism through stolen browser cookies. In bypassing attacks, a threat actor can use a stolen session cookie to authenticate web applications, bypassing MFA because the session is already authenticated.

The cookies purchased on the Genesis Blackmarket can then be imported into a control browser. Meaning they can use the online app for as long as the cookie remains active, potentially giving them sufficient time to move around laterally and access confidential data performing other actions as the victim. Current Statistics: More than 430 thousand bots are currently put up for sale on the Genesis Market. These bots are available in almost all countries. The figure below illustrates bot numbers available on the market for different countries.

Prices Vary by Country: Bots that automatically collect cookies and digital fingerprints are open on Genesis Marketplace for numerous countries, including Italy, the United States, Singapore, France, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Each bot has a multiplicity of accounts related to a compromised host. The Genesis bots’ prices range from $0.60 to the most expensive at $103.2.

Stealer Logs for Sale Automation: Cybercriminals use different attack methods such as the rainbow table, brute-force, and credential stuffing to capture passwords. However, more tech-savvy cybercriminals leverage the capabilities of info stealer malware families like Raccoon, AZORult, and RedLine. This malware can be distributed through mail phishing campaigns, malicious mobile applications, or a browser extension. After getting infected, the victim system becomes a part of the botnet. The bot owner has access to logs, files, images, system configuration, IP address, browser history, cookies, and other functionality such as taking random screenshots. The stolen data is automatically uploaded to Genesis Market, available to threat actors.

Among the raft of personal data (hacked from some of the world’s largest commercial sites, including Target, Marriott and Equifax) available for sale on the invite-only shop, the most popular are stolen cookies and device fingerprints. These digital profiles, planted on your machine after you log into a website or app, contain passwords and other personal information for services such as Gmail, Facebook, Netflix, Spotify and others.

There Are Competitors to the Genesis Marketplace: 2easy and Russian Market: The Genesis Market is not the only place where threat actors can automatically obtain cookies, web fingerprints, and vulnerabilities. Genesis Market has different competitors like 2easy and Russian Market. 2easy is a relatively new and reputable market, where the data sold appears to have been legitimately stolen, and the buyers are assured that data has not been previously sold. The Russian Market is also online market cybercriminals can use to collect attack instruments and sensitive data. See even more details on https://genesismarketinvite.com/.

Premium crypto consultant services: Pudgy Penguin is a popular non-fungible token community, a cryptocurrency subcategory representing ownership in a unique asset: 8,888 penguins on the Ethereum blockchain, organized into one collection. Pudgy Penguin is just one of many communities out there that offer benefits and other advantages to members, such as having a membership on a shared Discord server or gaining access to a private Telegram channel that lets you talk with other owners. Many NFT projects have their own communities, where members can collaborate, share ideas, and support or buy each other’s projects or art. See additional info at crypto consulting.

NFTs shift the crypto paradigm by making each token unique and irreplaceable, making it impossible for one non-fungible token to be “equal” to another. They are digital representations of assets and have been likened to digital passports because each token contains a unique, non-transferable identity to distinguish it from other tokens. They are also extensible, meaning you can combine one NFT with another to create a third, unique NFT. Perhaps the most famous use case for NFTs is that of cryptokitties. Launched in November 2017, cryptokitties are digital representations of cats with unique identifications on Ethereum’s blockchain. Each kitty is unique and has a different price. They “reproduce” among themselves and create new offspring with other attributes and valuations compared to their “parents.” Within a few short weeks of their launch, cryptokitties racked up a fan base that spent $20 million worth of ether to purchase, feed, and nurture them. Some enthusiasts even spent upward of $100,000 on the effort.6 More recently, the Bored Ape Yacht Club has garnered controversial attention for its high prices, celebrity following, and high-profile thefts of some of its 10,000 NFTs.

Even if anyone can establish and launch an ICO, that doesn’t mean everyone should. So if you’re thinking about organizing an initial coin offering, ask yourself if your business would substantially benefit from one. ICO activity began to decrease dramatically in 2019, partly because of the legal gray area that ICOs inhabit.1 Investors can research and find ICOs in which to participate, but there is no surefire way to stay abreast of all the latest initial coin offerings. You can use websites like TopICOlist.com and websites that compare different ICOs against one another. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) can intervene in an ICO, if necessary. For example, after the creator of Telegram raised $1.7 billion in an ICO in 2018 and 2019, the SEC filed an emergency action and obtained a temporary restraining order, alleging illegal activity on the part of the development team. In March 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a preliminary injunction. Telegram was ordered to return $1.2 billion to investors and pay a civil penalty of $18.5 million.

What is Cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrency is a form of virtual currency rooted in “blockchain” technology. A blockchain is a digital public ledger of transactions that is decentralized, which means that it doesn’t rely on the oversight or management of a third party (such as a bank or exchange) in order to facilitate secure transactions. Information regarding transactions is digitally stored on the blockchain in a way that can’t be manipulated or falsified. This digital public ledger is distributed across a network, is fully transparent, and is invulnerable to decryption, fraud, or human error. As a result, blockchain allows for the virtual exchange of tokens (cryptocurrencies) for goods and services between two verifiable parties without the need for a trusted third party. This is why such exchanges are often referred to as “trustless.”

Since you don’t have to register for an account at a financial institution to transact with cryptocurrency, you can maintain a level of privacy. Transactions are pseudonymous, which means you have an identifier on the blockchain — your wallet address — but it doesn’t include any specific information about you. This level of privacy can be desirable in many cases (both innocent and illicit). That said, if someone connects a wallet address with an identity, all of the transaction data is public. There are several ways to further mask transactions, as well as several coins that are privacy-focused to enhance the private nature of cryptocurrency.

This is the most common way of earning money from blockchain currencies. Most investors buy coins such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and more and wait until their value rises. Once their market prices rise, they sell at a profit. This investing strategy requires one to identify more stable and volatile assets that can shift in value rapidly, resulting in regular profits. Assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have been known to maintain regular price fluctuations; they can, therefore, be considered a safe investment in this regard. However, you’re welcome to trade any asset you feel is going to rise in value; all you need to do is to analyze each asset you invest in before committing to HODLing it. Also, you don’t need to buy the most expensive assets for you to make profits. There are thousands of small altcoins that have decent price shifts; consider having a mix of all coins that have a promising future value and are not just popular in the exchanges.

The variety of US individuals elevated from 12% in 2021 to 18% in 2022. Yet, lower than one third of the US inhabitants remains to be unaware of what NFTs are. Forty-three p.c of NFT individuals come from prosperous households with incomes of $100K or extra. NFT gross sales in major and secondary markets, excluding LooksRare, exceed $23 billion in 2022. Most NFT homeowners now purchase them for show on social media and collections. This is completely different from earlier in the NFT cycle, when individuals purchased and traded NFTs as speculative investments.

While the technology and concept behind cryptocurrency might seem complex, perhaps even a little esoteric, the truth is that it’s actually very easy to explore this mode of investment. Before you do, you should take a few basic rules into consideration. First, cryptocurrency should only represent a small fraction of your investment portfolio, especially as you’re just beginning to learn the ropes. Second, there are many tokens to choose from. Do your research and learn about those that interest you, but bear in mind there are many which have historically invited speculation and spiked in price before flatlining and disappearing altogether. This is a good reason to focus on Bitcoin first—even if you’re only starting with a tiny fraction of a single Bitcoin. This is the primary bellwether currency and, in spite of its volatility, remains the surest bet among cryptocurrencies to survive in the long run. With these considerations in mind, sign up for an account with a trusted exchange forum like Coinbase, Gemini or Binance, deposit a few dollars, and start to familiarize yourself with the basic crypto landscape. You will also need to create a cryptocurrency wallet, which will either be stored on your desktop, mobile device or a storage hardware device like a USB card. Alternatively, you may be able to create a wallet this is stored on the cloud. Discover more details at https://planetwired.com/.

NFT for sale provider with planetwired.com: In early March 2021, a group of NFTs by digital artist Beeple sold for over $69 million. The sale set a precedent and record for the most expensive digital art sold at the time. The artwork was a collage comprised of Beeple’s first 5,000 days of work. How NFTs Work: NFTs are created through a process called minting, in which the information of the NFT is recorded on a blockchain. At a high level, the minting process entails a new block being created, NFT information being validated by a validator, and the block being closed. This minting process often entails incorporating smart contracts that assign ownership and manage the transferability of the NFT. Read even more information on crypto consulting.

Imagine buying a piece of digital artwork on the Internet at a reasonable price and getting a unique digital token known which proves your authority over the artwork you bought. Wouldn’t it be great? Well, that opportunity exists now, thanks to NFTs. NFTs are currently taking the digital art and collectables world by storm. Just as everyone worldwide believed Bitcoin was the digital answer to currency, NFTs are now pitched as the digital answer to collectibles. Asa result, digital artists are seeing their lives changing thanks to the massive sales to a new crypto audience. If you are interested in NFTs and want to explore more about what they are, you have come to the right place. Let’s dive in and see what all the fuss is about!

Cloud mining has been developed as a way to mine blockchain currency by using rented cloud computing power without having the need to install or directly run any related software or hardware. People can remotely participate in blockchain currency mining by opening an account and paying a minimal cost. Thus, cloud mining firms have made mining more accessible and profitable for a larger group of people. Minedollars is mobile cloud-mining software that enables anyone to mine Bitcoin from the comfort of their own home.Minedollars uses advanced mining technology to let users mine different tokens at competitive costs. They thus garner the highest possible return on investment from the mining operation.

In this modern age of business, there’s more focus on retaining customers for longer rather than just getting a single transaction and moving on to the next person. Customer loyalty is a significant way of gaining trust and commitment to your brand and business. Digital marketing can keep your brand in the public eye and hopefully encourage customers to return repeatedly. As a business, for individuals to engage and buy from your brand, they need to see a positive reputation and a following of customers that can validate the reliability of your business. This type of marketing can help with better credibility and more trust within your brand.

Even if anyone can establish and launch an ICO, that doesn’t mean everyone should. So if you’re thinking about organizing an initial coin offering, ask yourself if your business would substantially benefit from one. ICO activity began to decrease dramatically in 2019, partly because of the legal gray area that ICOs inhabit.1 Investors can research and find ICOs in which to participate, but there is no surefire way to stay abreast of all the latest initial coin offerings. You can use websites like TopICOlist.com and websites that compare different ICOs against one another. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) can intervene in an ICO, if necessary. For example, after the creator of Telegram raised $1.7 billion in an ICO in 2018 and 2019, the SEC filed an emergency action and obtained a temporary restraining order, alleging illegal activity on the part of the development team. In March 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a preliminary injunction. Telegram was ordered to return $1.2 billion to investors and pay a civil penalty of $18.5 million.

But these warnings are merely cautionary notes as you explore cryptocurrency. Because in reality, decentralized finance has gained rapidly in relevance over the last several years, and evidence suggests this mode of financial interaction is here to stay. The time is now to get on board or risk missing out on the opportunities inherent to cryptocurrency. But before we tell you why, let’s start with some basic information about blockchain, cryptocurrency and the DeFi landscape.

Many see Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as offering protection against inflation. Bitcoin has a hard cap on the total number of coins that will ever be minted. So, as the growth of the money supply outpaces the growth in the Bitcoin supply, the price of Bitcoin ought to increase. There are numerous other cryptocurrencies that use mechanisms to cap supply and can act as a hedge against inflation. With all the benefits cryptocurrency has over fiat currency and other asset classes, it’s hard to argue there’s no value in using or investing in crypto. The utility provided by many cryptocurrencies is of great value to many people who value fast and secure transactions. And, it’s only going to grow more accessible over time with fewer technical hurdles. Combined with the benefits of diversification and the potential to hedge against inflation, the benefits of adding crypto or crypto stocks to your portfolio start to add up.

One of the best arguments in favor of investing in cryptocurrency—and for some, the primary impetus behind the use of blockchain—is that it allows for a type of transparency that protects all parties in a transaction. Because all cryptocurrency transactions are encrypted on a publicly distributed ledger that cannot be altered or manipulated, there are fewer likely investment risks as a result of regulatory obfuscation, internal falsification of financial data, incorrect valuations and the countless other discrepancies that cost investors billions on traditional exchanges. As Forbes explains to the novice crypto investor, “Imagine perfect transparency for the unicorns: a dramatic reset in valuation would be unlikely if all of the company’s finances were transparent from the outset and potential investors scrutinized their viability. Balloon spikes would happen much less frequently, and all constituents would be better served.” In this way, cryptocurrency has emerged as a solution for many of the problems plaguing a deeply flawed traditional finance system. And in doing so, it has created a new layer of protection for the everyday investor. Discover even more info on https://planetwired.com/.

Bryan Legend DeFi blockchain trends right now: The entrepreneur has also been making waves with his innovative approach to blockchain technology. Bryan Legend has created a new type of blockchain called Vulcan, which is designed to be more secure and efficient than any other blockchain. This is done by utilizing a consensus mechanism called proof-of-authority, which ensures that all transactions are verified and secure and that no single user has control over the network. It is also the first of its kind to offer rebasing technology which sets it apart from any other layer 1 blockchain known to date. See even more info on Bryan Legend.

Bryan Legend’s journey to success has not been without its challenges and obstacles. Despite dropping out of school in the first semester of 10th grade, Bryan never lost sight of his dreams and worked tirelessly to build a successful career. In the early years of his career, Bryan took on various labour jobs, working week-to-week to make ends meet. However, he never gave up on his entrepreneurial spirit and continued to upskill himself, teaching himself the fundamentals of business management.

Bryan Legend has always had the mind of an entrepreneur. As the CEO of Vulcan Blockchain, he is focusing on the major issues that affect the crypto market – security, transparency, accessibility, and unlocking the true potential of DeFi. OOXY Labs is a development company with a decade of experience in the blockchain and crypto industry. OOXY Labs was founded by prominent members of Vulcan and In10tion and aims to provide continuous support and development to make decentralized finance more accessible in the global market. OOXY Labs is much more than just a development company, it is also a creative digital agency and works with people from around the globe. The core product of OOXY Labs is Vulcan Blockchain.

Who Can Launch an ICO? Anyone can launch an ICO. With very little regulation of ICOs in the U.S. currently, anyone who can access the proper tech is free to launch a new cryptocurrency. But this lack of regulation also means that someone might do whatever it takes to make you believe they have a legitimate ICO and abscond with the money. Of all the possible funding avenues, an ICO is probably one of the easiest to set up as a scam. If you’re set on buying into a new ICO you’ve heard about, make sure to do your homework. The first step is ensuring the people putting up the ICO are real and accountable. Next, investigate the project leads’ history with crypto and blockchain. If it seems the project doesn’t involve anyone with relevant, easily verified experience, that’s a red flag.

Initial Coin Offering (ICO) vs. Initial Public Offering (IPO): IPOs raise money for companies seeking funds from investors and result in the distribution of shares of the company’s stock to investors. For ICOs, crypto companies raise funds through the sales of coins or tokens. In both cases, investors are bullish about the company or the cryptocurrency and invest based on the belief that the asset’s value will increase over time. The primary difference between an ICO and an IPO is that investing in an ICO doesn’t secure an ownership stake in the crypto project or company. ICO participants are gambling that a currently worthless currency will later increase in value above its original purchase price.

It’s become common practice, however, to see ICO investors offload their discounted coins onto the market to secure a quick-and-easy return on their investment or token prices to pump and dump heavily. Few tokens seldom recovered in price from these types of sell-offs and is a big part of why ICOs are less commonly used today. A study from 2018 showed more than 50% of ICO projects failed to survive longer than four months after launching. Here’s a list of over 2,400 failed ICOs, or “dead coins.”

There are many blockchain affiliate programs that pay you for referring new users to their platform. Affiliate programs are free to join. once you create an account, you’ll be given a special unique link. You can start sharing the link however you‘d like on social media, websites, blog, and forums. Whenever a person signs up or makes a purchase using your link, you will receive a commission. The biggest advantage is that it’s quick to start and begin earning money. Plus, money would keep coming in days, weeks and months, even years after you put in all that effort. If you already run a blog or website or have a huge following on social media, affiliate programs can be a great way to make some good passive income!

Initial coin offerings are a popular way to raise funds for products and services usually related to cryptocurrency. ICOs are similar to initial public offerings, but coins issued in an ICO can also have utility for a software service or product. A few ICOs have yielded returns for investors. Numerous others have turned out to be fraudulent or have performed poorly. To participate in an ICO, you usually need to first purchase a more established digital currency, plus have a basic understanding of cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges. ICOs are, for the most part, completely unregulated, so investors must exercise a high degree of caution and diligence when researching and investing in them.

It all started in 2013 when software engineer J.R. Willet wrote a white paper titled “The Second Bitcoin White Paper” for the token MasterCoin (which was rebranded as Omni Layer) and was able to raise US$600,000. By 2014, seven projects had raised a total of $30 million. The largest that year was Ethereum: 50 million ether were created and sold to the public, raising more than $18 million. 2015 was a quieter year. Seven sales raised a total of $9 million, with the largest – Augur – collecting just over $5 million.

He is widely known for his unique and innovative approach, which has the potential to further advance the DeFi space to a great extent. Bryan Legend introduced his Blockchain-based platform, OOXY Labs, to the market, enabling users to earn interest on their digital assets. It also provided liquidity into the market. Industry experts, as well as crypto market enthusiasts, have lauded his innovative approach to the DeFi segment, as it aids in driving the growth of the market. Apart from OOXY Labs, Mr. Legend is also the CEO of Vulcan Blockchain and leads its unique operations.

The Vulcan Consensus algorithm is the highlight of Vulcan Blockchain. It uses the proof of authority consensus to enable a flexible, scalable, secure, and high-speed crypto platform. Vulcan’s DeFi platform can easily handle large amounts of transactions without compromising speed, data security, or transparency. This is a crucial development as the crypto market is all set to expand in the next few years.

High quality Printed circuit board factory? This extra thin printed circuit means the thickness of printed circuit board is more thin than normal PCB. Normal thickness of PCB is from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm, and the Min thickness is 0.3 mm or 0.4 mm (1L or 2L). For 4L PCB, thickness will be more about 0.6mm. This type of board always named as thin PCB, or thin board. What is Ultra-Thin PCB? As the name suggests, extra thin PCB is a type of printed circuit board with a smaller thickness than standard PCB. It is lighter and more compact since it has decreased board materials and volume of copper features. Ultra-Thin PCB is ideal for PCB applications where miniaturization and high level of reliability serve a key role. It facilitates miniaturization with enhanced performance through higher-density PCB designs. Discover additional info at best pcb manufacturer.

Flex printed circuit boards (PCBs) are flexible sheets of insulating material, typically polyimide, with copper traces etched into them. The finished panel can be bent or flexed without damage. Flex PCBs are for applications where space is limited, and flexibility is required, such as in mobile phones and wearable electronics. There are many different types of printed circuit boards (PCBs), each with advantages and disadvantages. The type of PCB that is best suited for a particular application depends on the requirements of the application.

Most of our engineer and operators has more than ten years of experience in PCB industry, so we can produce special such as 20 OZ heavy copper board, 4 layers MCPCB, etc. At the same time, we purchased many advanced, art-of-state machines & devices for PCB manufacturing, checking, to improve the quality of our boards.

The main difference between a FR4 board and MCPCB is the thermal conductivity dielectric material in the MCPCB. This acts as a thermal bridge between the IC components and metal backing plate. Heat is conducted from the package through the metal core to an additional heat sink. On the FR4 board the heat remains stagnant if not transferred by a topical heatsink. According to lab testing a MCPCB with a 1W LED remained near an ambient of 25C, while the same 1W LED on a FR4 board reached 12C over ambient. LED PCB always be produced with Aluminum core, but sometimes steel core PCB also be used.

Dust can cause damage in multiple ways. Firstly, it can reduce the heat dissipation of a device. It also contributes to damage by way of static electricity. Storing a PCB in temperatures that are not optimal can certainly lead to damage! Temperatures that are too low lead to condensation that adversely affects the PCB. Similarly, temperatures that are too high lead to warpage. If PCBs are stored in the proximity of chemical reagents, the fumes from the reagents tend to corrode the PCB. Finally, storing PCBs in a place that is infested with pests can lead to biting the PCBs and rendering them unusable.

According to different manufacturing method, current there’re three basic types for ceramic board: A) Thick Film Ceramic Board Thick Film Ceramic PCB: Using this technology, the thickness of conductor layer exceeds 10 micron, more thick than spurting technology. The conductor is silver or gold palladium, and was printed on ceramic substrate. More for Thick Film Ceramic PCB. B) DCB Ceramic Board DCB (Direct Copper Bonded) technology denotes a special process in which the copper foil and the core (Al2O3 or ALN), on one or both sides, are directly bonded under appropriate high temperature and pressure. Discover even more information on bstpcb.com.

Double sided flex circuits consists with double sided copper conductors and can be connected from both sides. It allows more complicated circuit designs, more components assembled. The major material used are copper foil, polyimide and coverlay. Adhesiveless stack up is popular for better dimensional stability, high temperature, thinner thickness. Dual access flexible circuit board refer to the flex circuit which can be accessed from both top and bottom side but only has only layer of conductor trace. Copper thickness 1OZ and coverlay 1mil, it similar with 1 layer FPC and opposite side FFC. There’re coverlay openings on both sides of flex circuit so that there’re solderable PAD on both top and bottom sides, that is similar with double sided FPC, but dual access flex circuit board has different stack up because of only one copper trace, so no plating process is need to make plated through hole (PTH) to connect between top and bottom side, and trace layout is much more simple. Currently our mouthy capability is 260,000 square feet (28,900 square meter), more than 1,000 different boards will be completed. We also provide expediate service, so that urgent boards can be shipped out within 24 hours.

A significant advance was the development of wire wrapping, where a small gauge wire is literally wrapped around a post at each connection point, creating a gas-tight connection which is highly durable and easily changeable. As electronics moved from vacuum tubes and relays to silicon and integrated circuits, the size and cost of electronic components began to decrease. Electronics became more prevalent in consumer goods, and the pressure to reduce the size and manufacturing costs of electronic products drove manufacturers to look for better solutions. Thus was born the PCB.

Heavy Copper Board does not have a set of definition per IPC. According to PCB industry, however, peopel generally use this name to identify a printed circuit board with copper conductors 3 oz/ft2 – 10 oz/ft2 in inner and/or outer layers. And Extreme heavy copper PCB refers to 20 oz/ft2 to 200 oz/ft2 printed circuit board. Heavy copper normally used for a various products but not limited to: high power distribution, heat dissipation, planar transformers, power convertors, and so on.